Airline Deregulation Act Of 1978 Signed - 1291 Words

INTRODUCTION Airline deregulation was the process of removing the government imposed regulations on the entry of new airlines as well the airline fare limiting the competition and growth of the airline industry. In the United States, airline deregulation mainly refers to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 signed by President Carter. President Carter signed the Act, but the act was proposed initially during Nixon’s administration, and carried through Ford administration. The airlines industry was growing dramatically during 1960s and mid-1970s. Due to the steady increase in air travel, and strict regulations imposed by the Civil Aeronautics Board, the industry faced three major difficulties- lack of free and stable market, high ticket prices leading to poor productivity, and rising labor and fuel costs. Airlines have adopted many new strategies ever since the industry has been deregulated. The path since the deregulation has been challenging, as the airlines have faced various hurdles suc h as terrorism, war, recession, high fuel prices over the years impacting the economic structure of the United States. These challenges have raised the question concerning whether the deregulation should be considered or even reversed. I will start with providing a short history about the deregulation process of the airline industry, in the next section. The history will assist in understanding the free market that exists today. In the third section, I will explain the key factors behindShow MoreRelatedAirline Deregulation Act Of 1978 Signed1398 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Airline deregulation is the process of removing the government-imposed regulations on the entry of new airlines as well the airline fare limiting the competition and growth of the airline industry. In the United States, airline deregulation mainly refers to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 signed by President Carter. President Carter signed the Act, but the act was proposed initially during Nixon’s presidency, and was carried out by the Ford Administration. The airline industry wasRead MoreAirline Deregulation1054 Words   |  5 PagesOn October 24, 1978, President Carter signed into law the Airline Deregulation Act. The purpose of the law was to effectively get the federal government out of the airline business. By allowing the airlines to compete for their customers travel dollars, was the thinking, that fares would drop and an increased number of routes would spring up. Expected Results The results of airline deregulation speak for themselves. Since the government got out of the airline business, not only has thereRead More Airline Deregulation Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pages On October 24, 1978, President Carter signed into law the Airline Deregulation Act. The purpose of the law was to effectively get the federal government out of the airline business. By allowing the airlines to compete for their customers travel dollars, was the thinking, that fares would drop and an increased number of routes would spring up. Expected Results The results of airline deregulation speak for themselves. Since the government got out of the airline business, not only has thereRead MoreAviation Oversight Essays888 Words   |  4 PagesWithout the federal government’s direct oversight of development in aviation, much of the technology and advancements we utilize today would not be available. Previous to the Deregulation Act of 1978, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) monitored and controlled nearly every aspect of the industry. It wasn’t until after the act was released, did the aviation industry begin seeing its true potential in transportation. By the early 1900’s, with the aviation industry just beginning, many enthusiastsRead MoreAviation Safety833 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Create a timeline of the annual activity of labor/management collective bargaining from 1978 through 2009, providing a short synopsis of mergers, new carriers and company departure from the air transportation sector. Highlight the areas of most importance. 1978 Jan, The Federal Hourly Minimum Wage was set at $2.65 an hour. 1978, Mar 6, Pres. Carter invoked the Taft-Hartley Act for an 80-day cooling off period in a coal strike. Miners had struck 3 months earlier after coal companies demandedRead MoreDelta Airlines : The Largest Operating Airline1458 Words   |  6 PagesDelta airlines is the oldest operating airline in the United States, one of the five remaining legacy carriers, and a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. It was founded as a crop dusting service company in 1924 in Macon, Georgia. Since its early years Delta airlines has gone through all the regulation changes from early years of commercial aviation to recent years, and has been highly influenced by the government laws. The first major piece of legislation created by Congress relatedRead MoreBraniff International Airways : A Brief History1593 Words   |  7 PagesWhen thinking about airline companies, most people naturally gravitate to the big name carriers of current times. Delta, American, United, and Southwest usually top the list of companies that come to mind when discussing airline companies. Throughout history, however, a multitude of airlines have operated in the United States and abroad. Some of these merged or were bought by other companies forming the mega airlines we see today. Others were not so fortunate. The airline industry is a complicatedRead MoreCase Study Southwest Airlines 20111207 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Case Study – Southwest Airlines 2011 By Dawn Baumann Advanced Marketing Professor Nicole Dillett September 29, 2014 As I develop in mind, body, and spirit, I pledge on my honor that I have not given, received, witnessed nor have knowledge of unauthorized aid on this or any paper. Dawn Baumann Background Summary: Southwest airlines was founded in Texas in 1971 as a small, regional intra-state carrier. They chose to service the Golden Triangle ofRead MoreDelta Airlines : Effect Of Regulation1748 Words   |  7 Pageswas known as Huff Daland Dusters. This airline was mainly used to dust crops and get rid of unwanted insects. A decade later Collet E. Woolman bought the company and renamed it to Delta Air Services. The company performed their first passenger flight on June 17, 1929, and it began to grow rapidly due to acquiring of smaller airlines and the addition of routes (History of Delta Air Lines, 2017). This paper explores how different regulations affected Delta Airlines throughout its existence, and how theRead MoreHub And Spoke System Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Airline Deregulation Act was signed into law in 1978 and allowed the airline industry to be deregulated which lifted restrictions on where they were allowed to fly (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 2007). This also allowed the airline carriers to be competitive so they needed new ways to operate in order to provide services that travelers were searching for when choosing an airline. One innovation that was pioneered by the major airline carriers in the early 1980s

Intubated Patients Develop Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Critically ill patients who are intubated on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours of are at an increased risk of 6 to 21 times of developing ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Patients intubated for lesser than 24 hours are at 3 times the risk of acquiring VAP.15 VAP is the parenchymal lung infection and alveolitis, the accumulation of inflammatory exudates and infiltration of airway mucosa can lead to unfavourable respiratory mechanics occurring at least 48 hours after initiation of mechanical ventilation. VAP is one reason for high costs and prolonged length of hospital stay in the intensive care units (ICU).9 The morbidity and mortality of VAP is increasingly high, mortality rates ranges from 20% to 41%. The risk of development of VAP increases days of ventilation by 4 days, critical care by 4 days and lengths of hospital stay by 9 days, respectively and these factors adds to additional costs per VAP case.16 VAP prolongs the need for mechanical ventilation that may keep patients with a poor prognosis from their underlying commodities in the ICU. Both these factors would increase the probability of death rates in the ICU among patients who have developed VAP. 17 A prospective, matched cohort study was conducted to evaluate the attributable morbidity and mortality of VAP in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. One hundred and seventy-seven patients developed VAP and stayed in the ICU for 4.3 days longer and had a trend toward an increase in risk of deathShow MoreRelatedVentilator Associated Pneumonia in the Icu1301 Words   |  6 PagesVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection occurring in hospitalized patients who are mechanically ventilated. These infections are common in ICU settings, difficult to diagnose early, and unfortunately have a high rate of mortality and morbidity. VAP accounts for almost half of infections in ICU settings, up to 28% of mechanically ventilated patients will develop VAP and of these patients the mortality rate is between 20% and 70% (Craven Steger, 1998). A patient that developsRead MoreSaline Instillation Down The Endotracheal Tube1533 Words   |  7 Pagessecretions and aid in suctioni ng mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care units. Many respiratory therapists and nurses are currently using saline with endotracheal suctioning without an adequate knowledge of any existing evidence-based research or recommendation to guide the practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate and determine whether saline instillation for bronchial hygiene was beneficial or harmful to the patients and to provide evidence-based guidelines to be followedRead MoreZap Vap Essays3726 Words   |  15 PagesINTRODUCTION Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common infection that patients develop while in the hospital and the leading cause of death due to hospital acquired infections (Augustyn, 2007). Hospital acquired infections are also known as nosocomial infections. VAP usually happens when patients are on mechanical ventilation (the ventilator) for over 48 hours. VAP is costly because it increases the hospital length of stay, often times in the Intensive Care Units (ICU). Patients areRead MoreVentilator Associated Pneumonia Compounds The Risks Of Critically Ill Patients Face1341 Words   |  6 PagesVentilator-associated pneumonia compounds the risks that critically-ill patients face in hospitalization. It affects a high proportion of patients on ventilators and has a fluctuating morbidity rate. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the potential usefulness of chlorhexidine in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults. The paper features a review of literature found via MedScape using the keywords â€Å"chlorhexidine,† â€Å"ventilator-associated pneumonia,† â€Å"long-term ventilation† and â€Å"preventionRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine in the Prevention of Pneumonia3242 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Pneumonia is a life threatening disease for the elderly patients and is a leading cause of death in patients who are seriously ill and have been admitted to the ICU and are on mechanical breathing support, also known as the ventilator. Researchers have concluded that oral hygiene is the main culprit in the development of pneumonia in these patients. In this paper, we shall look at effectiveness of the use of an oral antiseptic agent called chlorhexidine. We will discuss the use of chlorhexidineRead MoreVentilator Associated Pneumoni Pneumonia2009 Words   |  9 Pages Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Karissa Ellison George Washington University Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Introduction Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia in a patient who is intubated and ventilated at the time of the onset of the event or 48 hours before, and VAP rate as the number of ventilator-associated pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator days (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2014a). The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) gives the followingRead MoreVentilator associated pneumonia9970 Words   |  40 PagesPrevention of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Abstract Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital acquired infection occurs in the intensive care unit (ICU) for the patients who are on mechanical ventilator. It further complicates the hospital course by extending the length of stay, increase the cost of treatment, and increases the mortality rate. It is estimated that about 1% to 3% patients on mechanical ventilator develops VAP per day. Compared to the previous years, the ChlorhexidineRead MoreAction Pl Unplanned Extubation1461 Words   |  6 Pages Action Plan: Unplanned Extubation in the NICU Angelica Moore Purdue University Northwest Patient Safety/Quality Improvement Statement and Chosen Cause that will Drive Improvement An unplanned extubation (UE) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is an unforeseen occurrence observed due to various factors. One of these is due to the lack of a procedural standardization among healthcare providers. This is notably evident when staff is handling the infant during daily assessmentsRead MoreVentilator Associated Pneumonia Prevention And Ventilator Patients1965 Words   |  8 Pages Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention Leonard, T. N. Thomas Edison State College â€Æ' Abstract Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a big drawback within the hospital setting, with terribly high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Some people tend to perform an evidence-based review of the literature that specializes in clinically relevant pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent VAP. Thanks to the importance of this condition the implementation of preventiveRead MoreCritical Study And Analysis Of Oral Care928 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy and analysis of the oral care provided by nursing staff as part of the Ventilator Care Bundle (VCB) and to assess whether the frequency of mouth care performed is related to the prevention of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in patients mechanically ventilated (Zilberberg et al. 2009). The following document is a case study written by an intensive care nurse, who will explore the oral care provided to a patient admitted in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and will assess the overall care process

Marketing Strategy in Emerging Markets A Conceptual Framework

Question: Describe about the Marketing Strategy in Emerging Markets for A Conceptual Framework? Answer: Executive Summary (KONE Plc.) This is a strategic Analysis of KONE Plc., which is one of the best Elevators and Escalators Company and currently is in the top four EE companies. This report summarizes the core competencies of the company and does a competitive analysis of the company. KONE is very much focused on its customers and believes in providing value to its customers. It also focuses on Employee Management (KONE Corporation, 2014). KONE wants to achieve and EBIT rate of 16% and wants to move faster than the market and thus this paper analyzes KONEs strategic approach as well as analyzes its strengths. Weaknesses, opportunities and threats in order to provide a strategy to utilize the strengths and opportunities and overcome the weaknesses and the threats. Mission Statement and Corporate Objectives of KONE KONE is one of the largest escalators and elevators building and services company in the world, which has been providing world-class elevators and escalators, automatic doors etc. to the world. KONE mainly focuses on providing its customers with the best People Flow experience that is to deliver solutions, which help people in moving swiftly, quickly and safely without having to wait for long durations (KONE Distributors, 2014). Thus it aims at making the lives of people easier with the increasing urbanization throughout the world. Talking about the company objectives, as mentioned earlier, the company aims at providing the best people flow experience. The company tries to understand its customers needs and tries to provide them with the best of the services with this understanding. The company mainly aims at achieving four major targets as mentioned below: Providing best experience to its users and customers.Serve all of its loyal customersMaking KONE a great place to work with.Making profits in the industry. When talking about KONEs financial objectives, KONE is planning to grow at a rate faster than the rest of the escalator and elevator market and wants to achieve a 16% EBIT rate. The company as mentioned in the previous statement wants to grow faster than the rest of the market and it will do so by focusing on the market positioning and the pricing of its products and the services it provides (KONE Corporation, 2014). The company also aims at the absolute EBIT growth over a longer period of time and wants to attain an EBIT rate of 16%. KONE is also planning in improved capital working rotation that in turn will increase the cash flow to KONE. Thus KONE wants to develop rapidly and increase profits but also wants its customer to get the best of the experiences. III. External Analysis KONE is spread throughout the world. In the early 90s it was still in the Europe and the Americas but with the expansion of the company and the increasing globalization as well as the increasing competition in the home markets, KONE started expanding its business and global presence by opening its RD centers and development site in the Asian market, mainly India and China by partnering with Toshiba (Feldmann and Olhager, 2008). As of now KONE operates in more than 50 countries and have 400,000 customers worldwide and around 900,000 escalators and elevators operating under the name of KONE. Lets do a competitive as well as a Macro Economic Analysis for KONE. Competitive Analysis: There are many smaller firms and companies in the Escalator and elevator market. But the four major companies are: KONE, Schindler, Otis and ThyssenKrupp Elevator. 1. Otis: Otis Elevators that is a subsidiary of United Technologies (UTC) is the worlds largest escalator and elevator supplier and corresponds to 1/5th sales to UTC. Otis is present in over 200 countries and mainly provides services for managing, installing and servicing elevators and escalators. This is popular for its energy efficient elevators, which consume 75% less power than conventional elevators. And although based in the US only 20% of its sales are from the US (Bergen and Peteraf, 2002). 2. Schinddler Elevator is second in terms of the number of sales and the volume of escalators and is just behind Otis in Elevators. It mainly focuses on low, mid and high-rise buildings. It has a strong presence in the United States and has provided installations in several of the government buildings including the White House, Pentagon etc.3. ThyssenKrupp Elevators has its presence throughout the world and operates in round 80 countries. Not only elevators but the company also deals in pl ant technology, marine technology, automotive, shipbuilding etc. As can be seen from the above analysis that the other 3 companies are having a good presence and a good hold on the market and thus KONE may face some difficulties in expanding its business more. Internal Analysis: Core Competencies and the key factors for KONEs success KONE has been successful because of some of the things, which it does better than others. Below are they: Eco-friendly systems production: KONE has always been at the top when it comes to being eco-friendly and providing Eco-friendly production. The company has won the Sustainable Supplier of the year award once for being less pollutive and more eco-friendly than others in the year 2013 in Dubai. By using eco-friendly ways and elevator designs KONE has reduced 70% power consumption and thus it bagged the price. Innovation: Innovation is another Core competency of KONE. One of the best discoveries it did was that it produced KONO Eco-disk that helped in removing the elevator rooms and now we see elevators, which do not require elevator rooms. And thus, this is also termed as KONE mono space. KONE Ultra rope has also been one of the recent developments of the company (David, 2005). It uses super ultra-light-weight technology, which is coated with high-friction coating. This new rope is reported to last twice than the conventional ropes, reduces the energy consumption by 15 % and the reduces the masses by 60% and it is expected that the Ultra Rope will be installed in high buildings up to 1000 meters soon. Giving Value to customers and the staff: KONE has always been known to give value to its customers and its staff. Most of the companies tend to give values to its customers but tend to ignore the staff while there are others which are more concerned about sales but do not give much importance to the staff or the customers. And this is the field where KONE tops the list. It values its customers and tries to provide them with the best of the services. It also focuses on its staff. Employee Engagement along with Customer satisfaction and customer experience has been an important part of KONEs competencies. Strategic Marketing Framework: The key market segments that are served by KONE are as follows: Residential Buildings: KONE elevators are in installed in residential homes and multi-towered buildings and flats etc. that are very helpful for the residents to reach to their floor easily and quickly. Also by providing the proper service and maintenance the lifetime of the elevators is increased. Medical buildings and facilities: In medical buildings such as hospitals you need hygienic and spacy elevators so that the hospital beds and wheelchairs can easily be transported through them and also hygiene is important so that the patients are safe from infections (Bang, Joshi and Singh, 2015). And KONE pretty well understands this, thus it provides spacy and hygienic elevators for hospitals and maintains the hygiene by providing regular service to the elevators. Public Transport and Airport: People flow can become a great problem in public transit places and Airports if the movement is not swift and safe and quick. Thus KONE provides quick and safe elevators and escalators to the public sector transit and also to public places such as the Airports. Hotels: Multi-storied hotels are common these days and thus the need for elevators is a a must in Hotels. Since no hotel would like its customers to take the pain of walking through the stairs. Thus KONE provides elevators for Hotels of all sizes that can carry the visitors luggage, the visitors and at some places even their cars. Retail Centers: Malls and retail centers also face high volume of people traffic and thus elevators and escalators are a necessity in such places. KONE provides elevators and escalators which are beautifully designed and at the same time fit well with the Malls or retail centers insides. Office Building: KONE also provides elevators for office buildings, buildings from low-rise to skyscrapers, buildings of the likes of WTC. And thus it helps in efficient People Flow inside the offices. Special Buildings: Special buildings such as cruise ships etc. require different types of elevators and escalators and also should consume less energy. KONE provides its products and services specialized for these special buildings etc. All of the above mentioned would have been possible because of the extensive steps taken by the company so as to stay ahead of its competitors. We will analyze each of them: Planning and Specification: KONE proper planning depending on the type of building, the expected people flow etc. and this gives them a good idea to start with. This is an important step in understanding the problem. Solution Design: It uses technology and tools such as CAD to design the specifications, which again provides them with almost accurate dimensions and results for the elevators and escalators. Project Management and Installation: KONE has an experienced project management team, which again is a plus point for the company (Gupta, Sahi and Chahal, 2013). Construction time use solutions: KONE uses its own technology to transport the escalators and elevators that again reduces the cost if it was to be done by some third party. Maintenance and Monitoring: KONEs 24/7 customer care helps the users to file a complaint at any time and KONE monitors and maintains the escalators and elevators installed by it. Thereby, giving value to the customers. Spare Parts: KONE also provides spare parts ad also imports parts from other which again helps in the expansion of the company. Modernization of services: KONE has been using latest technology, which has reduced their power consumption by 70%, which makes them one of the most eco-friendly companies in the world. Strategic Choice KONEs strategy should be to concentrate on the markets that are its main market areas. Looking at the image below we can see that China tops the list (highest new equipment sales market and provides 30% of the companys revenue) followed by US (10%) and France. And as seen from the chart above, the company should focus on New Equipment in its top performing countries such as China, US and France. KONE should try and re-strategize based on the fact that which countries provide them with maximum revenue and in which fields and then they should try and dominate the market of each of the countries (Weinstein, 2006). And this is a strategic direction in which it should proceed which can be seen from the number of new equipment sales which the company s generating in China. VII. Strategic Implementation: Digital Marketing Strategies To implement the Digital Marketing Strategies in an efficient ways, first of all KONE needs to ask themselves and answer a few questions that are as follows: Q1. Where are they as of now? Answer: Among the top four leading elevators and escalators business companies Q2: Where do they want to see themselves? Answer: Want to be at the top and the best EE Company worldwide. Q3: How to get there at the top? Answer: To get there, they need efficient digital and marketing campaign. Details about eh campaign, tactics followed etc. should also be mentioned along. The above can be achieved through the following: STRATEGY: KONEs strategy should be to provide the best of the services in the people flow areas mostly the urban areas. They should also be focused on being eco-friendly and state-of-the-art elevators and escalators. The company works to reach the strategic goals of providing the best of the services to its loyal customers. OBJECTIVE: The objective here is to produce KONE as the worlds best and the first choice for elevators and escalators throughout the world (Ramaseshan, Ishak and Rabbanee, 2013). And KONEs name should be at the top when talking about EE in any part of the world. GOAL: The main goal here will to increase the sales of KONE within the coming years. And these goals can be achieved by launching KONE CF campaign and KONE CD campaign that will help the company to achieve an EBIT rate of 16%. And both the strategies will help the people by providing them better facilities and people flow. It goes with the motto line of the company: dedicated to enhance people flow. SMART: We want to achieve the EBIT rate of 16% and thus we need to act smartly in order to achieve that within the next 1-2 years. Digital Marketing: As mentioned earlier about the KONE CF and the KONE CD strategies, we want to establish the company as the worlds CD (Compact Disk) and CF (compact flash) ensuring smooth people flow. Our main strategy should be to establish KONE in the minds of the people by 2020 through the KONE CD and KONE CF campaigns (Morris, 2009). As seen mostly the customers of KONE comprise of builders, architects, developers etc. and thus our campaign should be more focused on these people. And with time when we capture the minds of these people then general public wont be much farther from our reach. TACTICS: To go ahead with the digital marketing strategy and the KONE CF plan, it should go like this: KONE should install digital screens in its existing elevators installations giving information about KONE and its products. KONE should also install similar digital screens in strategic places such as public places, retails stores, malls etc. to increase awareness about KONE and its products. Design a Mobile APP: These days smartphones have become a necessity for everybody and thus KONE should develop a mobile app through which users can send information to KONE about their elevators and escalators and complaints through the app. Sensational Adverts: Specific worded lines for advertisements could be used on Televisions, Radio and newspapers etc. such as, Today you could be travelling in an elevator or on an escalator build by us. Who we are? We are the worlds best EE manufactures and service providers. Marketing on Social Networks: Internet has become a part and parcel of life these days for everyone, be it a teen or an old age person, everybody is connected to Internet these days. So advertising on the Internet is one of the best digital marketing strategies KONE could adopt. KONE can go for Google Ad words where they would be promoted by Google ads or can go for Facebook advertising, which again will boost their sales and awareness among people about KONE. Website: KONEs website should be monitored properly. When launching digital marketing people will certainly visit a companys website, and thus the company should provide all the necessary information on its website in an easy way and in a way in which the user can easily find information for which he/she is looking for. VIII. TOWS Matrix: External Opportunities 1. Exponential growth in Australia and Asia 2. RD centres in many countries External Threats 1. Less market share in US 2. Competition in most of the countries Internal Strengths 1. Values Employees 2. Vast Resources 3. Strong Acquisition Strategy SO (Maxi-Maxi) ST (Maxi-Mini) Internal Weaknesses 1. Reliance on European market WO (Mini-Maxi) WT (Mini-Mini) SO: Considering the SO, the company should expand the market and through its RD centers in different parts of the world, should develop products specifically for a particular market. ST: The Company should try to increase the work force in the companies in which it is lagging behind others. WO: The Company should try to overcome its reliance on European market and since it has RD centers in different countries thus it should develop country specific or region specific products to gain market share in those countries and areas. WT: As mentioned earlier the companies focus on the emerging markets such as China and India to overcome its reliance and increase manpower and design country and region specific products for particular countries and regions. References Ahlfeldt, R. and Barbosa, S. (n.d.). Strategic Alliances: An Analysis about Internal Limitations and Essentially External Limitations under Institutional Theory Point of View.SSRN Journal. ALBORS-GARRIGOS, J. and BARRERA, R. (2011). IMPACT OF PUBLIC FUNDING ON A FIRM'S INNOVATION PERFORMANCE: ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MODERATING FACTORS.International Journal of Innovation Management, 15(06), pp.1297-1322. Bang, V., Joshi, S. and Singh, M. (2015). Marketing strategy in emerging markets: a conceptual framework.Journal of Strategic Marketing, pp.1-14. Bergen, M. and Peteraf, M. (2002). Competitor identification and competitor analysis: a broad-based managerial approach.Manage. Decis. Econ., 23(4-5), pp.157-169. David, F. (2005).Strategic management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Feldmann, A. and Olhager, J. (2008). Internal and external suppliers in manufacturing networksAn empirical analysis.Operations Management Research, 1(2), pp.141-149. Fine, L. (2009).The SWOT analysis. [S.l.]: Kick It. Gupta, M., Sahi, G. and Chahal, H. (2013). Improving market orientation: the theory of constraints-based framework.Journal of Strategic Marketing, 21(4), pp.305-322. KONE Corporation, (2014).KONE. [online] Available at: https://www.kone.com/en/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. KONE Distributors, (2014).Lifecycle analysis of KONE products. [online] Available at: https://kosovo.kone.com/environment/solutions/lifecycle-analysis/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Krishnamurthy, B. (n.d.). Five Forces Model: Analysis from an Emerging Economy.SSRN Journal. Morris, N. (2009). Understanding Digital Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Engaging the Digital Generation.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 10(4), pp.384-387. Proctor, T. (2000). Strategic marketing management for health management: cross impact matrix and TOWS.Jnl of Management in Medicine, 14(1), pp.47-56. Ramaseshan, B., Ishak, A. and Rabbanee, F. (2013). The role of marketing managers' commitment and involvement in marketing strategy implementation.Journal of Strategic Marketing, 21(6), pp.465-483. Ring, A. and Teichmann, K. (2011). Competitor Detection: An Investigation of Consumers' Perceived Similarity.Tourism Analysis, 16(4), pp.405-418. Segarra-Ciprs, M., Roca-Puig, V. and Bou-Llusar, J. (2013). External knowledge acquisition and innovation output: an analysis of the moderating effect of internal knowledge transfer.Knowl Manage Res Pract, 12(2), pp.203-214. Weinstein, A. (2006). A strategic framework for defining and segmenting markets.Journal of Strategic Marketing, 14(2), pp.115-127. Williams, K. (2009).Strategic management. New York, N.Y: DK Pub.

Bloody Sky Essay Research Paper Extreme circumstances free essay sample

Bloody Sky Essay, Research Paper Extreme fortunes bring about significant alterations in people. At least that is what Paul Bowles and Cormac McCarthy seem to be stating in the authorship of their several books, The Sheltering Sky and Blood Meridian. Both writers place their characters in hard locations, covering with hard people and anticipate them to emerge changed, for better or for worse. In The Sheltering Sky, Bowles takes his American three and topographic points them in the desert lands of the African continent where the broad, dry impossibly desolate terrain takes its toll on their heads and organic structures. Likewise, McCarthy takes his ragged clump of predators, most conspicuously the Kid, and has them rolling the monolithic sweep of the wild West. This convention of forced growing is changeless throughout both books, and the reader gets the alone chance to detect those alterations from an nonsubjective point of position. In The Sheltering Sky, we meet Port, Kit and Tunner ab initio as Continental Americans on a kind of circuit for spoilt exiles. We will write a custom essay sample on Bloody Sky Essay Research Paper Extreme circumstances or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They seem unmindful to the fact that the country and the people who inhabit it are late war-worn and decimated. The countryside has been ravaged by the war but the three of them seem to disregard that fact and continue through it in a kind of dazed, self indulged coma. The same, or a similar, state of affairs is present in McCarthy # 8217 ; s Blood Meridian, his characters, chiefly the Kid, are doing their manner across the Old West, looking for money an escapade. They venture into Mexico, meeting peasant villagers, both hostile and peaceable, every bit good as legion folks of Native Americans. Both parties opportunity upon characters, both bizarre and unsafe, and all involved seem to acquire themselves into the most impossible state of affairss conceivable. Apparently the point Bowles and McCarthy are seeking to convey to the reader is that great alteration and significant interior growing can merely come about through intense emotional emphasis and physical challenge. Kit, in The Sheltering Sky, learns some really interesting things about herself through the class of our travels with her. She starts out as Port # 8217 ; s married woman, a secondary character of kinds, afraid to voice her sentiments on virtually everything. We have the inside path on her idea s and feelings though, and are privy to the fact that she is unhappy non merely with her state of affairs and current location, but besides with her matrimony and individuality. We get our first glance of her realisation of these jobs on her train drive with Tunner, as Port is going with the Lyles. Her self-generated matter with Tunner is a symptom of her sadness and is the beginning of a downward spiral that takes her to the threshold of insanity and far beyond. We see the beginning of her growing in her brush in the Fourth Class cabin of the train when see comes in close contact with the suffering provincial common people and she realizes that aside from their cultural differences she is no better than these simple fol K and in some ways she is far worse. As her narrative progresses we, the reader, acquire to see the advancement of her ruin due to the unbelievable adversities she meets such as the loss of Port due to illness. This is important for her because she becomes nurse and caretaker to Port in unusual and secluded town where she is under intuition by the local Gallic Legion commanding officer, who places the ill Americans in isolation, doing Kit to travel stir loony watching her hubby wither off in a turn with decease and insanity. The Kid in Cormac McCarthy # 8217 ; s Blood Meridian or The Evening Redness In The Occident goes through similar experiences of terrible adversity throughout his journey in the West. Kid is thrust into legion state of affairss where he apparently has no thought what precisely he is acquiring into, and most of the clip he does it with a na ve blind aspiration. When he joins the Captain # 8217 ; s party, Kid is unprepared for the surplus of force and corruption he encounters from both his ain crew and the hostile Indians. After fall ining the Judge and Glanton, Kid experiences improbably hard state of affairss for a male child his age, ( 14 old ages old ) such as the clip he spent in the snow covered mountains, losing his Equus caballus and holding to walk a good part of the manner. Kid comes up against some genuinely unbelievable odds, lasting the most impossible injury in sketch character manner. These state of affairss like the 1s Kit, Port, and Tunner came up against in The Shelt ering Sky, are designed to advance some sort of growing in the Kid. This makes the narrative of Blood Meridian into some sort of distorted coming-of-age narrative wherein the supporter battles his devils and emerges a adult male the reader can non merely place with but wants to be more like. The similarities between these two novels run much deeper than I # 8217 ; ve had clip to clarify here, but the chief point I was seeking to convey is that both writers used a comparable convention to make a similar consequence in the characters. Port and Tunner, for their portion, both change vastly in the novel ( non defying Port # 8217 ; s decease ) and # 8220 ; emerge # 8221 ; rather different from the people we ab initio run into in the caf. Tunner realizes his infirmities and becomes a # 8220 ; tougher # 8221 ; adult male more tuned in to what is go oning around him, and Port comes to confront what he was running from all along, recognizing he was flying his ain defects, and eventually holding to confront his fright of himself in the concluding throes of decease. Kit becomes her ain individual merely to finally travel insane through heartache and torment, her colza and subsequent loss of her individuality in the Arab community directing her winging back to the province we foremost encountered her. Kid, in McCarthy # 8217 ; s novel, grows to manhood in a short span of clip due to the huge sum of heartache and adversity he meets with along his travels. I enjoyed this device and believe that puting mundane characters in bizarre milieus truly forces them to go # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; , coercing them to truly look at themselves as their true colourss eventually begin to demo.

Love And Hate Essays - Love, Emotions, Discrimination, Hatred

Love And Hate Historically, extremes in emotion and reason do not often mix. I am thus cautious of attempting to comb through love or hate with reason. My recourses are two: to (yes, using what reason I have) separate intellectual thought from emotion; and to apply as little reason as possible without ceasing to write. It seems reasonable (sorry) to assume that emotion and reason have nothing to do with each other. It also seems very likely that one cannot exist with the other. They seem capable of cohabitation within a single person, but fall upon differing objects. Are not the things we love or hate not the things we understand? Hate: Hate is one of our reactions to a lack of understanding. We cannot hate that which we understand. Hate is our frustration at failure to comprehend. The more we understand something hated, the more our hatred becomes sadness or pity, or deepens to a hatred of that which caused whatever it was that we did not understand. In the latter case, the hatred may increase with understanding, but the object of the hatred has shifted. We are given a wide range of paths for dealing with our hatred, from the altruistic to the reactionary. The altruists, wishing peace without societal discord, tell us to repress our hatred and replace it with love, a path bound eventually for emotive explosion and breakdown. The diametric path gives us a series of smaller explosions with promise of emotional stability as a result of constant expulsion of malefic urges. Neither of these, or combinations thereof, are terribly productive ways in which to deal with hate, as even the moderate paths deal with the hatred only superficially and inefficiently. I see the only way around hatred being understanding. Upon comprehension of the object of hatred, one is either better equipped for the constructive removal of said object, cooly and rationally; or no longer desirous of the removal. Either outcome is fully satisfying altruistically. In the latter case, one must accept simultaneously a bit of humility for having been mistaken as well as a bit of pride for having become a bit more correct. This leaves one emotionally balanced. The hatred is not repressed, but transformed. The same emotional energy is simply working in a different direction. Upon the removal of the object, the hatred is put to work in a positive manner instead of simply lashing out half-cocked and possibly incorrectly. The process is simply that of questioning: "why does this specific situation exist?", and "what can be done to cause this situation not to exist?". Realize that just as for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction; for every reaction, there is an equal and opposite cause; and that nothing is simply either cause or effect, but everything is both. Love: Ask the same questions, hope not to find answers, and don't be disappointed when you do. If you find understanding of the object of love, it will no longer be an object of love, as love, similarly to hate, is a reaction to a lack of understanding. The faster you find answers, the more superficial the emotion. When answers come in the form of more questions, you have a true indication of the intensity and thoroughness of the emotion, and there is more likelyhood that when love finally disappears, through comprehension, it will be replaced with respect and admiration which you will find very easy to tell yourself is the same thing. I am sorry if it seems I have advised you to processes that diminish or destroy emotions; I have not. Emotions, contrary to poetic assumption, are not permanent, but transitory (although it is certainly not impossible for them to remain for durations exceeding a human lifetime). I believe that the proper thing to do with emotions is to consummate them, not to either prolong or shorten their duration, for one is stagnation and the other repression.

Lexicalization Definition and Examples

Lexicalization Definition and Examples ...Lexicalization is the process of making a word to express a concept. Verb: lexicalize. Here are some examples and observations from experts and other writers: Examples and Observations The OED (1989) defines lexicalize (1) as to accept into the lexicon, or vocabulary, of a language, and lexicalization as the action or process of lexicalizing. In this sense simple and complex words, native as well as loanwords can be lexicalized. Thus, Lyons (1968:352) says that the relationship of the transitive (and causative) concept of to cause someone to die is expressed by a separate word, to kill (someone). Quirk et al. (1985:1525f.) restrict lexicalization to words formed by word-formation processes, explaining it as the process of creating a new word (a complex lexical item) for a (new) thing or notion instead of describing this thing or notion in a sentence or with a paraphrase. The use of words is more economical because they are shorter than the corresponding (underlying) sentences or paraphrases, and because they can be more easily used as elements of sentences. Thus one does not say someone who writes a book [...] for someone else, who then often pretends it is their o wn work, one says ghostwriter instead . . ..(Hans Sauer, Lexicalization and Demotivation. Morphology: An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Christian Lehmann, G. E. Booij, Joachim Mugdan, and Wolfgang Kesselheim. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) Lexicalization and Idioms Despite a certain lack of consensus about the meaning of idiom, the identification of lexicalization with idiomatization is widespread . . .. Indeed, according to Lehmann (2002:14) idiomatization IS lexicalization in the sense of coming to belong to an inventory, and Moreno Cabrera (1998:214) points to idioms as the best examples of lexicalization. Lipka (1992:97) cites examples such as wheelchair, pushchair, and trousersuit, which have specific and unpredictable meanings. Bussmann [1996] considers idiomatization to be the diachronic element of lexicalization, which occurs when the original meaning can no longer be deduced from its individual elements or the original motivation of [a] unit can only be reconstructed through historical knowledge, as in the case of neighbor, cupboard, or mincemeat...Bauer identifies a subtype of lexicalization which he calls semantic lexicalization (1983:55-59), instancing compounds such as blackmail, mincemeat, townhouse, and butterfly or derivatives s uch as unquiet, gospel, and inspector which lack semantic compositionality (because semantic information has been either added or subtracted). Antilla (1989 [1972]:151) adduces examples such as sweetmeat, nutmeat, Holy Ghost spirit, widows weeds clothes, and fishwife, which are morphologically transparent but semantically opaque as instances of lexicalization. (Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization And Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 2005) It is important to note, however, that idiomatization is only one aspect of lexicalization, which is why the two terms should not be used interchangeably (as is sometimes the case). Rather lexicalization has to be regarded as the cover term for a range of phenomena, semantic and non-semantic. Bauer (1983: 49) also emphasizes that opacity is not a necessary pre-requisite for lexicalization since [s]ome lexicalized forms [...] may remain perfectly transparent, e.g. warmthwhich must be considered lexicalized because the suffix -th cannot be added synchronically to an adjective to provide a noun.(Peter Hohenhaus, Lexicalization and Institutionalization. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Pronunciation: lek-si-ke-le-ZAY-shun Alternate Spellings: lexicalisation

Accounting for Corporate Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting for Corporate Accountability - Essay Example Accounting for Corporate Accountability Many organisations in many countries have begun voluntary disclosure of the social environmental impacts of their activities in their annual reports. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006) These practices which have now become widespread began in many countries in the early 1990s, following considerable advances by a number of large companies to report environmental aspects of their business activities. Later-on from the mid-1990s, the reporting of social and environmental impact of organisations’ activities has become an increasingly popular practice. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006). The disclosures have often been made in the annual reports which include the financial statements comprising the balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flow statement as well as a statement of shareholders’ equity. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006) The content of the social and environmental impact usually comprise of policies, practices and or impact of the reporting organisation on its environment. (De ecan and Unerman, 2006). The new practice today by some organisations is to separate the environmental social disclosures from the annual report as the disclosures have become widespread and extensive. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006). These organisations while publishing a summary of disclosures of social environmental impacts in their annual report publish alongside a more detailed social and environmental report in a separate document. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006).

Infant and toddler safety at home Research Paper - 1

Infant and toddler safety at home - Research Paper Example Toddlers and infants do not seem to understand the risks that they are involved in on a daily basis (Sonna, 23). This warrants that those taking care of them need to be extra careful with them and the surroundings. Vigilant care is needed in order to ensure the overall safety of infants and toddlers. In this essay, attention will be focused on safety of toddlers and infants at home. It may be assumed by many that a toddler or an infant is at the safest place when at home (Carolyn et al, 317 – 332). The truth of this matter is that there are as many risks at home as there are anywhere else. At home, there are numerous risks that include serious injuries like falling or being hit against something causing injury, poisoning, burns and maltreatment, just to name but a few. There are various places that a toddler or an infant is unsafe (Sonna, 23). Places such as the bedroom, kitchen, living room and other common areas that a toddler can have access to can result to harm to the child. Another hazard that poses a threat to a toddler is choking. Toys that children are bought in order to keep them occupied and even obtainable and reachable items to the child are a risky. Parents and those taking care of children should ensure that they work on preventing the leading causes of harm to children like drowning, fires, falls and poisoning (Ahmann, 56). A toddler does not know that water can drown someone, nor do they know that a fire can bring burns and kill someone. It is the duty of parents and those concerned with taking care of toddlers and infants to ensure that such harm does not come to affect them. Poisoning can be in the form of medicine, like the prescriptions that are given to them. Taking care of a toddler requires one to be aware of what a toddler should take and what they should not take. Powerful medications may lead to unintended poisoning and such an accident should be prevented. Toddlers and infants should

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Individual report - Essay Example The implication Brain in organization, Gareth Morgan metaphor â€Å"the brain† is very instrumental in highlighting the challenges we faced as an organization. The CEO as manger demonstrated the principal of the brain according Gareth Morgan. The CEO was more of a facilitator, practiced boundary management and more of orchestra1. The metaphor organisms, the organization as machine it visible under the specific goals and objectives. The organization in question has blue prints that specifically form the organizational chart and the team has specific assignments and goals to achieve hence, they are expected to act in a given manner2. The CEO is the coordinator of all the other group members that are assigned duties that rhyme with their experience3. An element of machine is evident in this case as there is the marketing and sales role, finical department and the design department. 1. SimVen virtual organization are an essential learning tool that portray the real business environment. The tool facilitated the CEO with an opportunity to coordinate the group well and make the right decisions that were vital at the right moment and time. SimVen virtual organization creates the different environments that are present in each organization. At one point in the project, the owner of the company was being underpaid. The fact above is evident even in real organizations. 2. The experience of using SimVen virtual organization has been very instrumental in molding the group o the real aspects of an organization. It is clear that when the CEO coordinates well the group in making decisions the results is success. As the brain, SimVen virtual organization tests all the real life aspects of an organization in real life. He should not be the ultimate designer and kill creativity in the organization. 3. Clearly, from SimVen virtual organization, as a group and at individual basis it is clear that the CEO is an important link in any organization. He is expected to be a

Financial Systems of Ghana and Nigeria

Financial Systems of Ghana and Nigeria Since the idea of Adam Smiths invincible hands also known as invincible hand of the market, the allocative power of the market has been generally recognised. These ideas have been reinforced by the apparent failure of Keynesian theories of government intervention to stand the test of time. As a result of the adoption of SAP (Structural Adjustment programme) by most developing countries including Ghana and Nigerian which are my main concentration, the debate of liberalization versus intervention has been rekindled. The major area of concentration is if these developing countries (Ghana and Nigeria) with imperfect markets have benefitted from recent liberalization efforts in the structural adjustment programme. Financial liberalization is usually an important component of a countrys strategy for economic growth. In an old fashion way, financial liberalization, has come to be most universally linked with freeing of interest rates, but now financial liberalization is seen as a process involving a much broader set of measures geared toward the elimination of various restrictions on the financial sector, such as the removal of portfolio restrictions on the banking sector, the reform of the external sector, and also changes in the workings of the monetary policy THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF GHANA AND NIGERIA. A key stylised fact about financial systems in developing countries is that they are dominated by commercial banks (Fry, I995, pp. 4-5; Rojas-Suairez and Weisbrod, I995, pp. 4) Ghana and Nigerias financial system consists of a large fragmented informal sector and formal sector. The formal sector is made up of central bank(Bank of Ghana and Central Bank of Nigeria) at the apex, with 42 commercial banks for both countries; Nigeria (26) and Ghana (16), development banks (Nigeria, (5), Ghana (3) , and merchant banks (30) Nigeria), (Ghana, (10), insurance companies, stock exchange, building society, community banks. The structure of Nigerias financial system will be explained below: Regulatory Authorities: they regulate the Nigerian financial system, and they include Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF), Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),), and the National Board for Community Banks (NBCB, National Insurance Commission (NIC). These regulatory authorities will be explained in detail below. 1. Federal Ministry of Finance: the role of this regulatory authority is to advise the Federal Government on its fiscal operation and make sure it follows whatever the central bank of Nigeria says concerning the monetary matters of the country. 2. FEDERAL MORTGAGE BANK OF NIGERIA (FMBN) The role of the is to provide banking and advisory services, and also to undertake research activities pertaining to housing. After the adoption of the National Housing Policy in 1990, The FMBN is empowered to licence and control main mortgage institutions in Nigeria and act as the peak regulatory body for the mortgage finance industry. 3. The central bank of Nigeria The central bank of Nigeria has the same responsibilities as the bank of Ghana. It was established by the central bank of Nigeria act of 1958 and commenced operation on July 1, 1959. Their major regulatory objective is to issue legal tender to the economy, banker of last resort, financial adviser to the government, enhance monetary stability and a good financial environment which will be of benefit to the country in the short and long run. the central bank of Nigerias success is partly as a result of the rise in crude oil prices. 4. The Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation: Its role is to complement the supervisory and regulatory role of central bank of Nigeria (CBN). It has the right to examine the books and affairs of the insured banks in Nigeria and other deposit taking financial institutions. ORIGIN OF FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION IN NIGERIA Nigerias economy has always been dependent on oil prices since the early 1960s. As a result of the collapse of world oil prices and the reduction in the production of petroleum in the early 1980s, the nature of the countrys economic and financial position became very weak and vulnerable. This led to recession and economic deterioration. The economy was characterised by shortages in its foreign exchange, debt crises, negative economic growth and high rates of unemployment, Indeed, beginning from 1982, and through 1984, the country had become saddled with negative trends in economic growth as indicated by the decline in the gross domestic product (GDP) (0.35% in 1982; -5.37% in 1983; and -5.18% in 1984), persistent current account and budget deficits, a huge number of uncpmleted projects in the public sector, factory closures, large-scale retrenchment, acute shortages of essential commodities and galloping inflation, (Odusola,2001,p4). The government decided to carry out some short run stabilization measures, one of which was to foster employment through the creation of public sector jobs, this exerted more pressure on the budget, not withstanding that, public sector employment grew by a further 18 per cent between 1981and 1984. This policy promoted migration into cities, as the increases in government salaries during this period compared to that of the rural areas was more favourably. Urban migration and its attendant unemployment problems became even more pronounced in 1981 when the Government increased the minimum wage rate to the entry level salary of public sector employees. Urban unemployment increased significantly, from 2 ½ per cent in 1980 to 10 per cent in 1985, while rural unemployment rose from 4 per cent to 6 per cent over the same period. Real per capital income fell significantly as well, from US$1,010 in 1981 to US$850 in 1985 (Odusola, 2001, Pp4). Nigeria financial sector was characterised by rigid exchange and interest rate controls, sart orial allocation of bank credit (Okpara, 2010, P54), the naira was overvalued, all of which made the economy more exposed to risk of default and practically led to distortions that resulted into low direct investment, which in turn led to financial repression. it will be discussed more in-depth below. Financial repression discouraged investment in information capital; it also discouraged savings mobilization, in the sense that it was not vigorously pursued. The financial system incurred a lot of cost in financial intermediation, and it was as a result of inactive liquidity and liability management and incentives to increase efficiency. Not only was Nigeria the only country going through this problem of financial repression, much of the twentieth century saw intensified financial repression (Caprio et al, 2001 p5), for example, Ecuador, Uruguay, Mexico, Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania etc, all had the problem of financial repression in their economy. As a result of the financial repression i n the economy, the government decided to adopt a financial sector reform to help increase the countries economy. The programme they adopted was called Structural adjustment programme (SAP). STRCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME IN GHANA AND NIGERIA. The Ghanaian economy also went through the same problems as the Nigerian economy during the early 1980s. They had similar problems as the Nigerian economy; which include, high default rates, high rates of inflation, weakened confidence in the financial system. These affected the ability of the banks to perform their intermediation function properly (Acquaye and Sowa, 1999, p395). The major objectives of this SAP were, among others, to: Restructure the economy in a way to reduce its dependence on oil as its main source of income. Revitalise the financial sector by creating new institutions Reduce fisal balance of payment problems Promote non-inflationary economic growth. The key policies designed to achieve these objective were: The liberalization of the external trade and payments system-dismantling of price, trade and exchange controls; Implementation of methods to encourage domestic production and expand the supply base of the economy; The setting up of a Second-Tier Foreign Exchange Market (SFEM) as a mechanism of realistic exchange rate. The rationalization and restructuring of public sector enterprises and overhauling of the public sector administrative structure. Reinforcement of important and strong demand management policies; More rationalisation and restructuring of tariffs in order to aid industrial diversification; The elimination of price controls and commodity boards; The key reforms that have already been implemented as part of the financial liberalization policies include; Changing of the concept of a credit ceiling with OMO(Open market operation) Promoting competition and efficiency in the financial system Liberalizing interest rate, exchange rate, but in general the financial sector. The financial sector reforms were thrown into crisis by the sequencing of reform measures and the lack of the necessary prerequisites for liberalization. Particularly, the deregulation of interest rate and the requirements for market entry led to the instability of the financial system. A series of corrective measures had to be adopted, raising questions of policy credibility (Aiyeetey et al, 1997, P196). THE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME: THEORETICAL BASIS Virtually every sub Saharan African country including Nigeria and Ghana experienced major changes in the overall direction of the national economic policy in the early 1980s. These policy reforms were implemented as an integral part of the structural adjustment programmes (SAP) prescribed by the World Bank and the stabilization programme of the international monetary fund (IMF) (Olasupo, 2005, p 7). The structural adjustment programme had a lot of objectives, but the major objective of this reform programme was to correct the alleged distortions which made sustained economic growth and recovery in the economies difficult. Notwithstanding the general decision of the countries to undertake the adjustment programme, there has since the start of the 1990 decade, been wide ranging argument surrounding the theoretical paradigm underlying the SAP and their suitability to African countries. The first which is the unrequited orthodoxy; it emphasizes how well the adjusters have done in compari son to non adjusters. According to this perspective, the regime of restricted inward looking policies resulted in over protected industrial structure, balance of payment problems (Olasupo 2005, p10). They also contend that development problems will be solved by more adjustment not less, with this they concluded that sub- Saharan African countries experienced poor macroeconomic growth and performance relative to their South East Asian counterparts, because economies in the former were exposed to long term government intervention and restrictive macroeconomic and sectorial polices. The modified orthodoxy sees adjustment programmes in an economy as a necessary but not sufficient condition for development, because adjustment is only capable of stabilizing economies in the short term. This orthodoxy believes that other measures must be put in place for African development to occur in the medium and long term. A strong proponent of this approach puts it, the most significant shortcoming o f current structural adjustment programs is the lack of logical linkage between the short-term objectives of attaining balance-of-payments equilibrium and improving allocative efficiency and the long-term objective of sustainable development Nguyuru Lipumba, (p. 9) FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION AND REPRESSION. Financial liberalization is the process of breaking away from a state of financial repression. Financial repression has been most commonly associated with government fixing of interest rates and its adverse consequences on the financial sector as well as on the economy. The term financial repression was originally coined by economists interested in less developed countries (LDCs) Gupta, 2004, Pp2. It originated in the works of Ronald I. McKinnon and Edward S. Shaw in the early 1970s, to describe a developing countrys environment, defining it as the set of government legal restrictions preventing the financial intermediaries in the economy from functioning at their full capacity level. The most common forms that this intervention takes are interest rate regulations, directed credit schemes, and high reserve ratios. The literature on financial repression stresses that because savings levels are sensitive to real interest rate, nominal interest rate controls; cumulative inflation reduces the amount of the national income. The benefits of financial repression, as opposed to financial liberalization, are debated on several points Ozdemir Erbil, (2008). In theory, it is believed that financial repression can make it better to control money supply in an economy and also control over interest rate which will induce investment. Another argument in favour of financial repression is that government controls on financial markets are needed for developing countries. In practice, financial repression appears to have yielded government revenue in the order of 2 % of GDP on average in samples of developing countries (Giovannini and de Melo, I 993; Fry et al. I 996, p. 36). The main conviction of the advocates for financial repression is that the government knows better than the market. The repression mechanism works through the interest rate and the exchange rates. Therefore moving from financial repression to financial liberalization would require extra budgetary measures and could create budgetary problems, Like in the case of Nigeria in the early 1980s when the government seeked to reduce unemployment in the urban areas and the outcome of this decision exerted more pressure on the budget. Financial liberalization may increase the fiscal deficit and the cost to finance, as the government loses revenues and is forced to pay more market-based interest rates on its existing debt. On the other hand, the most popular argument which favours financial liberalization is the rising growth effect by motivating savings and investment. Financial liberalization may increase the level of savings and improve the allocation of savings among potential investors. This will lead to the creation of more available funds and hence economic growth. Financial liberalization may decrease the cost of capital, but on the other hand, movements which cause the crises and macroeconomic instability may have a negative impact on economic growth Ozdemir and Erbil (2008). This debate highlights the need for further sound empirical evidence on the benefits of financial liberalization on economic growth, especially for small open economies of developing countries. FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION AND SAVINGS The advocates of financial liberalization do not seek to induce savings, but to promote and increase the volume and efficiency of capital formation. While financial reform can affect saving through various potential channels, on the whole its net effect is ambiguous.( Schmidt- Hebbel and Serven,2002, p2). Moreover saving is often considered beneficial for its financial dimensions. In open economies, raising national saving is a way to reduce the dependence on foreign saving, protecting the economy from external shocks. This is an important policy concern in a world of increasing financial integration. Together with a strong and well-capitalized financial system, saving represents a form of self -insurance to reduce the economys vulnerability to unexpected reversals of international capital flows. In this manner, saving can help reduce macroeconomic volatility, which empirically has been shown to hamper growth (Ramey and Ramey 1995; Fatà ¡s 2000). Various researchers have shown some empirical evidence that although financial liberalization results in higher interest rate and financial deepening , it does not really lead to higher savings. In majority of countries, financial reforms are followed by declines in savings (Okereke,2009). Bandiera et al (2000) estimated an econometric relationship Showing the private saving ratio as a function of the real interest rate and degree of openness as an index for financial liberalization, along with income, inflation and public savings. analyze the experience of eight countries that underwent significant reforms in their financial systems, namely Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey and Zimbabwe. Foe this countries they measured the effect of liberalization on the volume of aggregate savings, their results Their results do not provide a clear answer on the impact of reforms on saving, as the effect appears significantly negative in some cases (Korea and Mexico), positive in some others (Greece and Turkey) and insignificant in the Indonesia, Malaysia, Zimbabwe, and Ghana. In a study similar to theirs i.e.(Bandiera et al), Loayza and Shanka(2000), used India as their country of observation, and the savings rate from India and found out that financial reform has not changed the savings rate, but moved the composition of savings in India towards a higher share of durable goods. Ostry and levey(1995), in their findings maintained that financial development as a result of liberalization reduced savings. Bennett et al(2001), in their work, also found a negative significant effect on savings. CONSEQUENCES OF FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION Policies that make an economy open to the rest of the world and they are needed for sustained economic growth. No country has achieved economic success, in terms of substantial increases in living standards for its people, without being open to rest of the world. Trade opening has been an important element in the economic success of East Asia, where the average import tariff has fallen from 30 percent to 10% over the past 20 years. Opening up economies to global economy has been essential in enabling many developing countries to develop competitive advantages in different sectors of their economy. Countries that have opened their economies in recent years, foe example India in 1991, have experienced faster growth rate and more poverty reduction, a proof is that following the economic reforms, the country began to develop a fast paced economic growth. India is the eleventh largest economy in the world There are some negative effects experienced by countries or the world in general in terms of their reform policies that has outweighs the benefits of such reforms, this statement can be applied to the effects of financial liberalization despite its benefits in terms of access to more capital inflows. Financial liberalization creates exposure to various kinds of risk and they include; a propensity to lead to financial internal and external financial crises, inadequate access to funds for small scale producers etc. Many researchers have carried out empirical studies on financial liberalization on financial fragility of the economy, and their conclusion is that liberalization increases the fragility of the financial system. According to (Demirguc-kunt detragiache), one of the reason why financial liberalization may lead to increased financial sector fragility is that the removal of interest rate ceilings and also the reduction of barriers to entry reduces bark franchise values, thus exacerbating moral hazards problems. The moral hazards problem is a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information than another. Normally banks try to protect their franchise, and the risk of losing their franchise, but during a period of policy reform such as financial liberalization, where there is free entry in to the market or financial sector, so as a result of that there is more competition, this erodes franchise values. If the effort of reform does not incorporate adequate strengthening of the prudential regulations and supervision to realign incentives, lower franchise values are likely to lead to increased fragility (Stiglitz et al (2001) Tornell et al (2003), in their studies, they said that financial liberalization is bad for growth because it leads to crises. Their empirical analysis shows that in countries with harsh credit market imperfections, financial liberalization leads to a more rapid growth but also a more higher incidence of crises. They also argued that liberalization leads to faster growth because it eases financial constraints, but on one condition that this occurs if agents which are the government, investors and creditors take on credit risk which makes the economy fragile and prone to crisis.

Major Market Structures Essays -- Economics

During the initial phase of starting up a business, there are many factors to weigh in. If you desire a particular kind of lifestyle, then one of the major factors to consider is what kind of market you would like to be in. There are four major market structures, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. All of these markets have positive and negative attributes, including but not limited to, barriers to entry, how many sellers are in a particular market, and the stress of running a business while keeping a keen eye on product pricing. Many entrepreneurs may not want to agonize over anything at all, and participate in a perfect competition market where they know exactly what the prices are and what they expect to make at all times. Then there are some investors that enjoy the competition and would rather be in a monopolistic competition market. However, it’s no secret that the majority of the public, if given the absolute choice, would choos e to be in a monopoly. This kind of market of course, is very hard to acquire, so a very fine choice would be an oligopoly. Both a monopoly and an oligopoly are at the top of the list as far as profit is concerned. No matter which market one chooses to participate in, they all have similar goals, and that is to minimize costs and maximize profits. In a monopoly, there is only vendor with a product or service, meaning there are no close substitutes, so there is no competition to be concerned about and the barrier for others to enter is virtually inaccessible. One may have an exceptionally large control on the market, and can also dictate it as much as they would like, other than being limited by market demand, depending on the elasticity of one’s product... ...& 211†. Mason, OH. : CENGAGE Learning. Bade, Robin; Michael Parkin (2001). â€Å"Foundations of Microeconomics†. Boston, Massachusetts. : Addison-Wesley. Colander, David (2008). â€Å"Microeconomics, 7th Edition†. New York, NY. : McGraw-Hill Paperback. Eaton, B. Curtis; Eaton, Diane F.; and Douglas W. Allen (2002). â€Å"Microeconomics, 5th Edition†. Saddle River, NJ. : Prentice Hall. Frank, Robert A. (2006). â€Å"Microeconomics and Behavior, 6th Edition†. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Mankiw, N. Gregory. (2000). â€Å"Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Edition†. Oklahoma City, OK. : South-Western Pub. Pindyck, Robert S.; and Daniel L. Rubinfeld. (2008). â€Å"Microeconomics, 7th Edition†. Saddle River, NJ. : Prentice Hall. Ruffin, Roy J.; and Paul R. Gregory. (2000). â€Å"Principles of Microeconomics, 7th Edition†. Boston, Massachusetts. : Addison-Wesley.

The Role Of Protein Misfolding And Aggregation In BSE

When a protein misfolds it changes its behavior and function. If it becomes hydrophobic after once being polar. The properties and functionality of the protein are no longer useful to the organism and disaster results. PrPSc is hydrophobic, it avoids water inside of the cell†¦it attracts and attaches other proteins to misfolds and become hydrophobic †¦Misfolding spreads because the PrPSc act as chaperone proteins to convert PrPc TO PrPSc and cannot be converted back to PrPc.The normal homeostasis would be reached and health regained by PROTAEOSOMES (protein destroyers) eating the corrupt PrPSc proteins BUT.. These are not recognized by the proteasomes and so are not destroyed. They keep multiplying and they clump together and aggregate inside the cell and the cell stops doing its normal work and eventually it dies. Prion – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PrPSc How enzymes work Enzymes are co mplex protiens whose main function is to reduce or speed up the energy required for a reaction to occur.This happens thru the enzymes ability to break or form a bond within a substance that results in 1 or 2 new substances without changing the protein configuration of the enzyme itself – this keeps the enzyme available to continue its work. The area on the enzyme where the work takes place is called the active site. The specific molecule that becomes transformed is called a substrate.It seems to me that enzymes with the suffixes dehydrogenase break up substances and sythetase combine substances to make new products. Anaerobic Glycolysis occurs when there is continuing muscle activity. This produces some ATP for continued muscle work but not a whole lot. Lactic acid builds and eventually the muscles get fatigued and activity must stop. The blood then diffuses this lactate to the liver where it is converted back to glucose and enters into the citric acid cycle and more ATP is c reated.If a certain enzyme were to be lacking in the citric acid cycle if would grind it to a halt, ATP enery would not be produced and cell death would occur is one of the assisting molecules that help the electrons cross the intercellular membrane of the mitochondria. The electrons are then passed from enzyme to enzyme in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, in an energy gradient and they lose some of their energy at each step. This transfer which causes in a high concentration of H+ protons is what results in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (and energy).The final transfer involves the combining of electrons and H2 atoms with oxygen. This forms water. The molecules that take part in the transport of these electrons are referred to as the electron transport chain. Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme. This induces the enzyme to change its conformation, and creates a binding site for the acetyl-CoA. Only when this citroyl-CoA has formed will another confor mational change cause thioester hydrolysis and release coenzyme A. This ensures that the energy released from the thioester bond cleavage will drive the condensation. Oxaloacetate will be regenerated after the completion

Napoleons Egyptian Campaign

Napoleons Egyptian Campaign In 1798 the French Revolutionary War in Europe reached a temporary pause, with the forces of revolutionary France and their enemies at peace. Only Britain remained at war. The French were still looking to secure their position, wished to knock out Britain out. However, despite Napoleon Bonaparte, the hero of Italy, being assigned a command to prepare for an invasion of Britain, it was clear to all that such an adventure would never succeed: Britain’s Royal Navy was too strong to allow for a workable beachhead. Napoleon’s Dream Napoleon had long harbored dreams of fighting in the Middle East and Asia, and he formulated a plan to strike back by attacking Egypt. A conquest here would secure the French hold on the Eastern Mediterranean, and to Napoleon’s mind open up a route to attack Britain in India. The Directory, the five-man body which ruled France, where equally keen to see Napoleon try his luck in Egypt because it would keep him away from usurping them, and give his troops something to do outside France. There was also the small chance he’d repeat the miracles of Italy. Consequently, Napoleon, a fleet and an army sailed from Toulon in May; he had over 250 transports and 13 ‘ships of the line’. After capturing Malta while on the way, 40,000 French landed in Egypt on July 1st. They captured Alexandria and marched on Cairo. Egypt was notionally part of the Ottoman Empire, but it was under the practical control of the Mameluke military. Napoleon’s force had more than just troops. He had brought with him an army of civilian scientists who were to create the Institute of Egypt in Cairo, to both learn from the east, and begin to ‘civilize’ it. For some historians, the science of Egyptology began seriously with the invasion. Napoleon claimed he was there to defend Islam and Egyptian interests, but he wasn’t believed and rebellions began.​ Battles in the East Egypt might not be controlled by the British, but the Mameluke rulers were no happier to see Napoleon. An Egyptian army marched to meet the French, clashing at the Battle of the Pyramids on July 21st. A struggle of military eras, it was a clear victory for Napoleon, and Cairo was occupied. A new government was installed by Napoleon, ending ‘feudalism’, serfdom, and importing French structures. However, Napoleon could not command at sea, and on August 1st the Battle of the Nile was fought. British naval commander Nelson had been sent to stop Napoleon landing and had missed him while resupplying, but finally found the French fleet and took the chance to attack while it was docked in Aboukir Bay to take on supplies, gaining further surprise by attacking in the evening, on into night, and early in the morning: only two ships of the line escaped (they were later sunk), and Napoleon’s supply line had ceased to exist. At the Nile Nelson destroyed eleven ships of the line, which amounted to a sixth of those in the French navy, including some very new and large craft. It would take years to replace them and this was the pivotal battle of the campaign. Napoleon’s position suddenly weakened, the rebels he had encouraged turned against him. Acerra and Meyer have argued this was the defining battle of the Napoleonic Wars, which hadn’t yet begun. Napoleon couldn’t even take his army back to France and, with enemy forces forming up, Napoleon marched into Syria with a small army. The aim was to prise the Ottoman Empire apart from their alliance with Britain. After taking Jaffa – where three thousand prisoners were executed - he besieged Acre, but this held out, despite the defeat of a relief army sent by the Ottomans. Plague ravaged the French and Napoleon was forced back to Egypt. He nearly suffered a setback when Ottoman forces using British and Russian ships landed 20,000 people at Aboukir, but he moved quickly to attack before the cavalry, artillery, and elites had been landed and routed them. Napoleon Leaves Napoleon now took a decision which has damned him in the eyes of many critics: realising the political situation in France was ripe for change, both for him and against him, and believing only he could save the situation, save his position, and take command of the whole country, Napoleon left – some might prefer abandoned – his army and returned to France in a ship which had to evade the British. He was soon to seize power in a coup d’etat. Post-Napoleon: French Defeat General Kleber was left to manage the French army, and he signed the Convention of El Arish with the Ottomans. This should have allowed him to pull the French army back to France, but the British refused, so Kleber attacked and retook Cairo. He was assassinated a few weeks later. The British now decided to send troops, and a force under Abercromby landed at Aboukir. The British and French fought soon after at Alexandria, and while Abercromby was killed the French were beaten, forced away from Cairo, and into surrender. Another invading British force was being organized in India to attack through the Red Sea. The British now allowed the French force to return to France and prisoners held by Britain were returned after a deal in 1802. Napoleon’s oriental dreams were over.

Social Studies Research Project Topics

Social Studies Research Project Topics Social Studies is the study of human beings as they relate to each other and their environments. If you enjoy exploring people, their cultures, and behavior, you should enjoy social studies. There are many disciplines that fit under the umbrella of the social sciences, so you can narrow the field to one that most interests you as you select a research topic. History Topics You might think of history as a branch of study that falls outside the realm of social studies. Not so. In every era of human existence, people had to relate to each other. For example, after World War II, there was great pressure for women to leave the workforce- they had been the backbone of the defense industry, filling vital jobs while men were overseas fighting the Japanese and the Nazis- yet they have shunted aside when the men returned. This created a great shift in the social dynamic in the U.S. Other historical themes offer rich areas for social studies research ranging from inventions that changed the nature of schoolwork to the impact U.S. presidents had when visiting a small town. Local architecture greatly influenced who people interacted with throughout history and even things as seemingly innocuous as the introduction of silverware impacted social norms and etiquette at the nightly dinner table. Diets of Civil War Soldiers and NutritionWWII Women Who Worked and Returned to HomemakingConfederate Symbols and Race in My TownInventions That Changed School WorkMidwives and Birth RatesLocal Architecture PatternsVanity in the Nineteenth CenturyVietnam War and GrandmaCountry Doctors RecordsThe Impact of a Presidents VisitWhen Silverware Came to TownCoal Camps in Local HistoryThe Household Impact of the Discovery of Germs Economics Topics Economics- a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as Merriam-Webster notes- is, by definition, a social science. Job growth and loss- both nationally and locally- affect not just how people vote but how they relate to each other. Globalization  is a hot topic that often brings people of opposing views into heated arguments and even physical confrontations. International treaties- particularly those focusing on trade- can inflame passions in the electorate overall, in small communities and even among individuals. Do Attractive People Make More Money?What Political Party Creates Job Growth?Is Globalization  Good or Bad?International Treaties - Good or BadHow Does the IMF Work? Political Science Topics Race and politics are obvious areas for sociological study, but so is the fairness of the Electoral College. Many groups nationwide are firm believers in conspiracy theories, which have spawned entire groups devoted to the study and discussion of these topics. Is the Media Really Biased?How Do Polls Work?How Does Fact Checking Work?Race and PoliticsIs the Electoral College Fair?Political Systems ComparedWhat Is the New World Order?Conspiracy Theories Sociology Topics The umbrella topic of sociology can cover everything from marriage customs- including same-sex marriage- to the ethics involved in adopting children from Third World countries. The debate over private-versus-public schools- and the funding that goes with it- is a topic that stirs strong passions and discussions among advocates on each side. And, the ever-present specter of racism is a vexing problem that continues to plague our society. Federal v. State PowerFood RegulationWhat Opportunities Are Available to Specific Minority Groups?Good and Bad Role ModelsReligion and PoliticsBuilding in Flood ZonesMarriage Customs ExaminedSame-Sex MarriageIs It Ethical to Adopt Children  from Third World Countries?Population Control Around the WorldEducation: Private or Government SystemsWill Racism Ever Die?The Roots of Regional Customs in AmericaHow the Internet Affects Our Perception of Truth Psychology Topics Psychology- the study of the mind and behavior- goes to the very heart of what makes human beings tick as well as how they relate to each other, a prime topic for sociological study and research. Everything from local traffic patterns, politics emanating from the pulpit and the impact of Walmart on local communities influences how people think, congregate and form friendships and groups- all issues that make the following list perfect for sociology research paper ideas. The Impact of River Traffic (on your hometown)Where Do Our Apples Come From?Could We Survive on Garden Foods Today?Using a Local CurrencyHow Clothing Prices Affect Teenager ImageDoes Walmart Help or Hurt Local Economy?Voting Habits: Grandmothers and MothersAre We Born Liberal or Conservative?Political Messages from My PreacherTelevision and Test ScoresTechnology and Fitness Among KidsTV Commercials and Self ImageWii Games and Family TimeSuperstitions and Family TraditionsBirth Order and Test ScoresA Secret Poll: Who Do You Hate?Do Unusual Names Affect Grades?Does Home Punishment Policy Affect School Performance?Local Vocabulary PatternsWhy Do We Make Friends?Are Girls Teams as Competitive as Boys Teams?Snow Days: Cold States, Warm States, and Family BondingAnatomy of a Small Town ParadePatterns of Lunchroom SeatingBullying Yesterday and TodayDoes Movie Violence Impact Behavior?Facebook and Family CommunicationWhat Would You Change About Your Body?Procrastination and TechnologyWhy Kid s Tell Lies Clothing and Attitudes: Do Shopkeepers Treat Me Differently If I Dress Differently?Does Citizen Status Affect Students Self-Esteem?Are You Vulnerable to a Cult?How Do Cults Work?

War as a Strategic Tool of Policy - To what extent did the outcome of Essay - 1

War as a Strategic Tool of Policy - To what extent did the outcome of the 1973 Arab-Israeli war serve the political objectives o - Essay Example The main reason behind this is the fact that politicians opt not to be too specific as they worry that if there is failure for the objectives to be attained, foreign leaders and local opponents will regard the entire exercise as a failure. Due to this, rather than being defined as measurable objectives, foreign policy objectives are defined in terms of goals or aims. Unclear and ambiguous political strategic objectives are of little or no use to operational planners.3 In terms of expression, political strategic objectives can be articulated in broad or narrow terms. Broadly articulated political objectives are most of the time applied in situations that do not involve vital national interests. Through this, it becomes easier for the political leadership to admit to a compromise without losing international reputation or domestic support. Narrowly articulated political strategic objectives on the other hand need to be comprehensively accomplished, or then the political and additional costs for the political leadership might be exorbitant. Vego asserts that â€Å"yet, in a situation where vital national interests are at stake, there is usually no choice but to fight to the finish†.4 During the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Syria, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the United States, who were the principal participants in the war, had various individual political objectives. The objective of Syria and Egypt were to recover their occupied territories, which were the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights region respectively. Although it did not initiate the war, Israel had the objective of preserving its national security, which was made possible by occupying the Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula. Maintaining control of the Tiran Straits located at the Sinai region was also crucial for Israel’s economic dominance. Palestine wanted to regain its territories from the Israel Jewish majority, who had for a long time prospered, as the Palestinian minority continued to suffer, with some of them living as refugees. Saudi Arabia had the objective of defending the union of the coalition among Cairo, Damascus and Riyadh; it therefore used the oil embargo as its political instrument during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. Through this, Saudi Arabia could pressure Israel and the west to reach a fair agreement regarding the Palestinian issue. It could also be able to restrain the United States military support to Israel, as well as balance Israel’s military dominance. The United States was also involved in this war as it came in as an assistant to Israel. Its main political objectives were to; bring about a general extinction of the Soviet Union as a superpower in the Middle East and take its position; gain a political settlement with the ability to bring about a transformation in the Arab-Israeli conflict, which would change the conflict to a small territorial one and remove it from its ideological

American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American government - Essay Example Gerston (2004) notes that the public agenda changes as public priorities and values shift hence policy making is a continuous process. It involves identification of issues, policy formulation, implementation, evaluation and termination. Problem Identification Problems are identified through various ways. Organized interests play a major role in identifying problems. They act as source of information for formulation and advocacy of policy ideas (Gerston, 2004). The labor movements and unions are instrumental in helping to identify workers plight. They highlight the workers problems such as poor working conditions, unfair wages, basic work safety and fight against child labor. They influence the workers to strike hence making their problems known to the policy makers. The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) managed to establish collective bargaining in American industries in the 20th century. Gershon (2004) acknowledges the fact that triggering mechanisms are the starting point for p ublic policy questions. These mechanisms are unpredictable and impact on peoples lives. For example the current welfare system of America was prompted by the great depression which left millions of people unemployed and without a source of income thereby prompting the president Roosevelt to declare entitlement to government assistance for those affected.

The Rose Theatre Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rose Theatre - Case Study Example The performing arts in general make a significant contribution to the economy in the UK, therefore there are political factors involved. Those include funding sources for subsidized theatre and better facilities for the arts and education. The Rose has also become a great community resource as it fills the schedules for drama students at Kingston University. There is also, at this time some political controversy in the change of leadership between Hall who was very much an artistic dictator to the replacement Stephen Unwin (Taylor, 2008) which could in fact affect the Rose.E-(Economic factors)-There has been a drastic change in the world's economy in the last year, the UK is no exception and public entertainment like that at the Rose is affected. The pound fell to the lowest level in 10 months against the dollar on Monday before it began to recover on Wed (Ewing et.al., 2010). A sovereign debt crisis similar to the one in Greece is a concern at this time. The Bank of England has halt ed buying government bonds (Ewing, 2010). All of these economic factors affect every part of the economy and most often those that are considered entertainment or leisure. The Rose Theatre still show high attendance levels but most open for opening showings and with higher income audiences. Decisions on financial stability are difficult to make at this time, but certainly it will be affected one way or another (Smith, 2008).There are in fact difficulties at the Rose as the Peter Hall has been to the arts council for funding and there have been many new funding ideas set up such as training for the unemployed in the arts industry. Hall believes, however, that the arts council has not done enough (Kennedy, 2008). There are many jobs lost in the UK and at this point in time there are 10 jobseekers for every vacancy which certainly affects the number of people who can afford the theatre (Grice, 2010). S-(Social Factors) - The history of theatre in the UK has been long going. Admissions to London theaters reached 13.6 million in 2007. Opening showings at the Rose have been extremely well attended. Sell out productions have been noted on a regular basis. Theatre also remains a strong draw to the country for tourists. There are some concerns to be considered here, especially with the advent of the electronics age. There are still barriers to attending the performing arts. Some of those are financial and some of them are access as well as political and social. Even with increased arts funding, and initiatives to widen the audience, there have not been increases in the types of audiences that are attending. This will remain a challenge for theatre management (UK Market research, 2008). In most countries, especially the United States there has been a consistent 5 year decline in attendance (Treanor, 2008). This has to remain a consideration to management in the UK. T-(Technological factors).The age of electronics has definitely affected the theatre although in many other countries it is much worse than the UK. With the advent of television, video, internet there has been a decreased need to go to the theatre. There are many productions that are putting the production right on the web with fees for watching the production. This can be done in the convenience of home or car. This is where access to the theatre is so important. When challenged by access technology will surely win (UK market research, 2008). E-(Environmental factors)- Other than the melting of the ice caps and the possible flooding of London, there are many other issues noted in the news that might affect the management of the theatre over many years. Methane emissions from livestock creates more greenhouse gas than cars. Global meat production will double by 2050 because of a population explosion that will continue (Wilson, 2010) The world has 6.8 billion people and that will expand to 9.2